TAXONOMY AND SPECIES

TAXONOMY AND SPECIES LIST WITH COLOR PICTURES FOR EACH SPECIES ( 12)

Familia:          Papilionidae
Subfamilia:   Papilioninae
Tribus:            Troidina
Subtribus:     Troidina
Genus:            Trogonoptera 

                           (Rippon, 1890)
Species:          - Trogonoptera brookiana 

                           - Trogonoptera trojana

SUBSPECIES LIST OF BROOKIANA: 

      1.Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana                        (Wallace,  1855 )                                         Borneo: Sarawak

                                                         b.forma juliae                     (S.Hu, 2007)

      2. Trogonoptera brookiana albescens                         (Rothschild, 1895 )                                   Malaysia: Perak, Pahang, and Salangor

      3. Trogonoptera brookiana mollumar                        (D'Abrera, Doggett & Parker ,1976) Mal.:South Johor and West Trenggan    

      4. Trogonoptera brookiana haugumei                        (Parrott ,1991)                                           East Kalimantan

      5. Trogonoptera brookiana trogon                               (Snellen-Van Vollenhoven,1860)     Indonesia: Sumatra

      6. Trogonoptera brookiana natunensis                     (Rothschild,1908)                                     Indonesia : Natuna Island

      7. Trogonoptera brookiana jikoi                                  ( Kobayashi, 1986)                                     Indonesia : Tuangku Isl, Banyak Isl

      8. Trogonoptera brookiana cardinaali                      ( Haugum & Low,1982 )                            Indonesia : Singkep Isl,Linggu Isl

      9. Trogonoptera brookiana apolloniae                     ( Neukirchen )                                               Indonesia : Siberut Island

    10. Trogonoptera brookiana mariae                             (Neukirchen ,1993)                                    Indonesia : Batu Island

     11. Trogonoptera brookiana  toshikii                           (Kobayashi, 1991)                                      Indonesia: Mentawai Islands

     12. Trogonoptera brookiana akikoae                            (Morita, 1994)                                            

     13. Trogonoptera brookiana bosuangi                         (Schäffler,Rumbucher&D,2014)       Banggi Islands

2.Species: Trogonoptera trojana  trojana       Palawan Birdwing      (Honrath, 1886)

                                                                                                                                                                                     Palawan - Philippines

• Rajah Brooke’s birdwing gets its name in honor of the White Rajah of Sarawak, Captain Brooke, who ruled an English Province in the northern part of the island of Borneo in the 19^thcentury.
• These butterflies gather in groups consisting of up to 80 individuals for drinking mineralized water from puddles in order to absorb sodium and potassium that they need for activating adult behavior.
• The birdwing butterfly Trogonoptera brookiana (Wallace, 1855) is a well-known conservation icon, yet questions remain about the infraspecific status of regional populations. The eastern Peninsular Malaysian population has been described as the subspecies mollumar d’Abrera, Doggett & Parker, 1976, but its status as a subspecies distinguishable from the taxon trogon (Vollenhoven, 1860) in Sumatra has been disputed. Wing characters and measurements of specimens from the two regions were therefore examined quantitatively using discriminant function and correspondence analyses. Eastern Peninsular specimens differ on average from Sumatran specimens in having more extensive green, especially in the female. This is reflected in many of the measurements and characters analysed. Females from the Peninsula also have a characteristically blacker upperside ground colour in which the outer areas of both wings barely contrast with the black veins and forewing cell. The extent of these differences enables a reliable differentiation of the females of both regions. The magnitude and consistency of differences are comparable to that between other subspecies of undisputed status. Behavioural differences also exist. The name mollumar therefore merits subspecific status. In addition, we consider the male forms walshi Haugum & Low, 1982 and walshoides Haugum & Low, 1982 to be chemically discoloured specimens of trogon rather than biological forms.